Historically, creating an n-of-n multisig utilizing CHECKMULTISIG means you’ll publish a proportional variety of signatures and public keys on the blockchain to signers within the transaction. This strategy not solely reveals the full variety of individuals within the transaction, but additionally incurs progressively larger transaction charges because the variety of signers develop. MuSig, alternatively, permits a gaggle of customers to collectively generate a single signature and public key to validate a transaction, which boosts privateness and lowers the transaction prices for all of the signers concerned.
When MuSig was initially launched in 2018, its essential shortcoming in comparison with CHECKMULTISIG was person expertise, particularly the requirement for 3 rounds of interactive communication between signers. With the introduction of MuSig2 (BIP 327) in 2020, because the successor to the 2018 MuSig (additionally known as MuSig1), we made important progress in non-interactive signing, bringing us a way more desired expertise.
The way it Works
Mirroring the performance of its predecessor, MuSig2 reduces the required communication rounds from three to 2. The pockets setup for MuSig2 begins by gathering all the individuals’ prolonged public keys (xpubs), and the development of descriptors by every of the wallets, all of which is in line with present multisig practices.
The MuSig2 signing part then consists of:
- First-Spherical Message: In the course of the pockets setup, nonces are generated, added to the Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions (PSBTs), and shared amongst the opposite signers.
- Second-Spherical Message: The nonces acquired are used to create a partial signature and are despatched again to every of the opposite signers.
An alternative choice to having every signer immediately talk their nonce and partial signature to each different signer is to introduce a third-party coordinator to streamline the communication course of.
Within the signing course of, every signer’s nonce consists of two elliptic curve factors. These factors are transmitted to different signers by way of the Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions (PSBTs). These nonces require cautious dealing with for accuracy and integrity within the course of, however safe storage is just not obligatory since they don’t seem to be confidential data. If all of the people partial signatures are legitimate, then the produced Schnorr signatures are legitimate.
Subsequent Steps for Implementation
Final month, Andy Chow put ahead two BIP drafts, MuSig2 PSBTs and MuSig2 Descriptors, that are a obligatory step in MuSig2 adoption and pockets integration. The primary BIP provides fields for the nonces, public keys, and partial signatures within the PSBTs, and the second BIP gives a way for describing transaction outputs which might be managed by a MuSig2 pockets. Collectively, these BIPs and specs are all we want for integration of MuSig2 wallets!
Many pockets builders and collaborative custody options have lengthy requested this standardization of the MuSig2 protocol. Now, with the formalized BIPs in place, it is locally’s arms to assessment, give suggestions, and assist increase consciousness. At Blockstream, we look ahead to collaborating within the public discussions and letting the formal BIP assessment course of happen.
It is a visitor submit by Kiara Bickers. Opinions expressed are solely their very own and don’t essentially replicate these of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Journal.
